Health Care Proxy and Power of Attorney are Essential Tools in your Estate Plan

September 4, 2025

While you may think of a last will and testament when the phrase “estate planning” is used, there are several other documents you need. A health care proxy and a durable power of attorney are essential tools in your estate plan. A recent article in Kiplinger, “I’m an Estate Planning Attorney: These Are the Two Legal Documents Everyone Should Have,” explains what every adult needs to protect themselves and help loved ones during a time of crisis.

An estate plan does far more than simply distribute assets when you’ve died. It also protects your wishes while you’re living, as well as in case of incapacity. Two documents are required: the healthcare proxy and the durable power of attorney.

A health care proxy, sometimes referred to as a Health Care Power of Attorney, appoints someone you trust to receive information about your medical care and make decisions if you are too sick or injured to communicate your wishes. If you recover and regain capacity, you resume the ability to oversee your own health care, and the health care agent can no longer make medical decisions or have access to your medical care.

No one expects to be incapacitated. However, it’s best to be prepared. If you’re scheduled for surgery and are sedated, for instance, you’ll want another person to be able to make decisions for you in case something goes wrong. If you experience a longer medical event, such as being in a coma, your family will be able to make decisions on your behalf.

If there is no Power of Healthcare Attorney in place, your spouse or family members will need to petition the court to name a guardian to be able to make decisions for you. There have been many court cases where a surviving spouse would like to take their loved one off life support, but their parents don’t want that to happen. This is a terrible situation for everyone involved and can be avoided with the right estate planning.

A healthcare proxy may include provisions for a Living Will, which would specify the types of medicine or treatments you would want or not want if you were in a terminal state. For example, you may not want to be kept alive through artificial nutrition or a heart and lung machine if you are in a vegetative state. The living will is your way of communicating your wishes to your family clearly and coherently.

Who you name as your healthcare agent is entirely up to you. A younger person may name a parent, spouse, or close friend as their guardian. Couples often name their spouse or partner, while elderly people are more likely to name an adult child.

If there is no health care proxy named, even a married spouse doesn’t have the legal right to make decisions for you. Once a child reaches the age of legal majority, they are considered an adult, and their parents are no longer the default guardians. When children go to college, they should have a health care proxy in place.

The second critical document is the Power of Attorney. This names a person to make financial and legal decisions on your behalf. Without one, the family will need to go to court to access your accounts, pay bills and maintain the business side of your life.

Even if you don’t care what happens to your possessions after you die, having a health care proxy and durable power of attorney in place will give your family the essential tools in your estate plan to care for you without added burdens when they are needed. If you would like to learn more about health care directives and powers of attorney, please visit our previous posts.

Reference: Kiplinger (Aug. 7, 2025) “I’m an Estate Planning Attorney: These Are the Two Legal Documents Everyone Should Have”

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How Wealth is Distributed in Blended Families

September 2, 2025

This summer’s passing of Ozzy Osbourne was mourned by heavy metal fans. Whether you liked his music or not, Osbourne left an estate estimated to be worth $230 million plus future royalties, reports a recent article from Think Advisor, “What Wealthy Families Can Learn From a Rock Star’s Estate.” It caught the attention of estate planning attorneys for lessons about how wealth is distributed in blended families. Whether you liked his music or not, Osbourne left an estate estimated to be worth $230 million plus future royalties, reports a recent article from Think Advisor, “What Wealthy Families Can Learn From a Rock Star’s Estate.”

There’s no estate battle for now. However, only time will tell if the Osbourne family faces issues like those of many blended families. There’s no simple playbook for these situations, and the best outcomes require the counsel of an experienced estate planning attorney and savvy planning.

Creating trust structures to balance a surviving spouse’s financial well-being with inheritances for children from prior marriages takes knowledge and experience. A plan needs to be proactively created and regularly revisited to affirm the choices made. The challenge is anticipating potential disputes.

An ill-conceived plan would be to place all the assets in a single trust to benefit the surviving spouse during their lifetime and then have the assets flow to the biological children after their death. This sounds like a good solution. However, the arrangement puts the surviving spouse’s interests at odds with those of the children. They’re waiting for the surviving spouse to die for their inheritance and have no control over how much money is spent. They might end up with nothing, despite the best intentions of the deceased spouse.

Another solution with potential for disaster is creating an estate for the benefit of the surviving spouse and putting one or more of the biological children in charge of the estate in an attempt to balance the structure. The surviving spouse is now dependent upon the biological children to ask for money, which can create more problems than it solves.

A controlling trustee is often considered a potential solution for blended family estate plans. If the surviving spouse is intent on blowing through the money, the children can go to court and file a lawsuit to ensure that their rights and interests are protected. However, litigation is expensive and divisive.

A better idea might be to leave the house and a portion of the liquid estate to the surviving spouse, while leaving the rest of the estate to the children. The goal is to prevent tension between family members over access and control of assets.

An estate plan for a blended family requires effective communication, thorough planning and a delicate balance to protect the interests of all parties. It’s not easy. An experienced estate planning attorney can help you understand how wealth is distributed in blended families to ensure that it remains effective over time. The result of a blended family remaining a family after one of the spouses has passed can be more of a legacy than wealth. If you would like to learn more about planning for blended families, please visit our previous posts.

Reference: Think Advisor (Aug. 11, 2025) “What Wealthy Families Can Learn From a Rock Star’s Estate”

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Parents with Young Children need an Estate Plan

August 27, 2025

More than 60% of parents with minor children don’t have a will, according to several national surveys. This is a serious lapse, as parents need a will to appoint a person to raise their children if the parents die. The solution is not that difficult, says a recent article from Seattle’s Child, “Why every parent needs a will.” Parents with young children need to have an estate plan.

An estate plan includes several documents serving to protect children in case of their parents’ death. The guardian is named in the will. Trusts are used to provide funds for the child’s upbringing and to protect any inherited assets, so the child can’t access them until they are mature enough to make sound financial decisions.

If there is no will or other estate planning documents, there are default laws and procedures to determine who will become the guardian of the minor child and what will happen to the parent’s assets. The court could decide the child should be raised by a blood relative who lives many states away, taking the child from their home and community during a time of great stress.

If parents would rather the child remain in their school and community, having a will and naming a close family friend as their guardian could prevent the child from being uprooted from everyone and everything they know.

Many people make the mistake of thinking their spouse automatically inherits their estate. However, this depends upon the laws of your jurisdiction. In some states, the estate is divided between the spouse and the children. If the children are minors, they cannot legally inherit property. Therefore, their portion of the inheritance may be controlled by an administrator appointed by the court. If this occurs, the surviving spouse will receive a smaller inheritance, which may make it financially impossible to stay in the family home. Placing the surviving spouse in a position where they must request funds from a court-appointed administrator is not a pleasant legacy to leave.

If there is no will, the court divides assets according to the law of intestacy—the state’s laws. Children who inherit a full estate upon reaching the age of 18 are rarely ready to manage large amounts of money. Creating a trust for the benefit of a child, with a trustee who will manage the assets and provide directions on when to disburse funds and for what purposes, solves this problem.

When going through the estate planning process, you’ll also need to select someone to be your personal representative after you’ve died. The executor obtains death certificates, notifies Social Security and other government agencies, consolidates assets, pays bills and pays taxes for the estate and your final personal income taxes.

Parents with young children need to have an estate plan. Planning for what could happen in the future when your children are young is not as much fun as going on a family vacation or decorating a nursery. However, taking care of this will ensure that your beloved children are protected according to your wishes. This is a legacy of love. If you would like to learn more about planning for young parents, please visit our previous posts.

Reference: Seattle’s Child (July 25, 2025) “Why every parent needs a will”

Gifting Strategies for Grandchildren

August 25, 2025

Many grandparents want to help support their grandchildren’s future, whether by funding education, building financial security, or encouraging good saving habits. There are several gifting strategies for grandchildren. One way to do this is through custodial accounts created under the Uniform Gifts to Minors Act (UGMA) or the Uniform Transfers to Minors Act (UTMA). These accounts enable adults to transfer assets to a child, while maintaining oversight until the child reaches the age of majority.

However, there are important considerations to keep in mind when using these tools. This is especially true when the gift size, future control, or tax implications are significant.

What are UGMA and UTMA Accounts?

UGMA and UTMA accounts are custodial investment accounts that allow minors to own securities or other assets. A designated adult (the custodian) manages the account until the child reaches the age of majority, at age 18 or 21.

The custodian has a fiduciary responsibility to act in the child’s best interest and must use the funds for the child’s benefit. Once the child comes of age, they gain complete control of the assets and can use the money however they choose.

The key difference between the two account types lies in what assets they can hold. UGMA accounts are limited to financial instruments, such as stocks and bonds. UTMA accounts can also include real estate, patents, or fine art.

Tax and Financial Aid Implications

While UGMA and UTMA accounts offer flexibility and simplicity, they carry some tax and financial aid consequences. Contributions are irrevocable and considered completed gifts, meaning the money legally belongs to the child. This limits the donor’s control and introduces risks if the child misspends the funds in adulthood.

For tax purposes, the account’s income may be taxed at the child’s rate under the “kiddie tax” rules. If the income exceeds a certain threshold, part of it may be taxed at the parents’ marginal rate. Fortunately, the first portion of income is often tax-free or taxed at a lower rate, making these accounts potentially efficient for moderate investments.

On college financial aid applications, assets in a custodial account count more heavily against eligibility compared to funds held in a parent’s name. Families with financial aid goals may wish to consider 529 plans instead.

When Accounts Make Sense

UGMA and UTMA accounts can be effective for smaller gifts, particularly when the intention is to provide a child with early access to funds for school, travel, or a first car. They’re also relatively easy to set up and don’t require trust documentation.

However, for larger gifts or when long-term control is desired, a trust or 529 plan may be a more suitable option. These options allow for setting rules, limiting distributions and minimizing the impact of financial aid. Whether you use the accounts above, or other gifting strategies for grandchildren, make sure you work closely with an estate planning attorney. If you would like to learn more about gifting strategies in your estate planning, please visit our previous posts.

Reference: Fidelity Investments (Jan. 16, 2025) “Must-know facts about UGMA/UTMA custodial accounts”

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Secure Your Spouse’s access to Quality Care

August 14, 2025

When a spouse requires nursing home care, many families feel overwhelmed by the sudden medical needs, the high cost of care and the fear of losing their savings. However, with timely legal planning, you can secure your spouse’s access to quality care, while preserving your financial stability and your family’s home.

Understanding Medicaid Eligibility

Nursing home care often exceeds $90,000 per year, making Medicaid an essential resource for many couples. However, strict income and asset limits make eligibility feel out of reach for some. Medicaid’s spousal impoverishment rules help by allowing the “community spouse” (the spouse remaining at home) to retain a portion of the couple’s income and assets, while the spouse needing care qualifies for Medicaid.

Assets are divided into countable and exempt categories. Exempt assets often include the primary residence, one vehicle and personal belongings. Countable assets include checking, savings and investment accounts. Understanding how your state defines and limits these categories is crucial for effective planning and decision-making.

Why Legal Planning Is Essential for Medicaid Eligibility

Applying for Medicaid without legal guidance can result in mistakes that cause delays or penalties, especially if assets were transferred within Medicaid’s look-back period. An elder care lawyer can help you:

Spend down assets legally on exempt items, such as home repairs or a reliable vehicle.
Establish Medicaid Asset Protection Trusts to preserve assets while planning for eligibility.
Explore spousal refusal in states where this strategy can protect additional resources.

Legal planning also includes preparing powers of attorney and healthcare proxies, so your spouse or another trusted person can manage your affairs if you become incapacitated.

Preparing Emotionally and Practically for the Transition to Nursing Care

Moving a spouse into a nursing home is emotionally challenging. Visiting facilities ahead of time, discussing expectations and reviewing care options can help ease the transition. It’s equally important for caregivers to seek emotional support through counseling or community resources to manage stress.

You should also review your overall estate plan to ensure that it aligns with your family’s needs, protects your spouse’s quality of life and secures your legacy for your loved ones. Secure your spouse’s access to quality care by working with a qualified and experiences attorney. If you would like to learn more about Medicaid planning and long term care, please visit our previous posts.

Reference: Medicaid Planning Assistance (May 06, 2025) “Getting an Aging Parent, Spouse or other Loved One into Medicaid Nursing Home”

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Creating a Scholarship Fund Reduces Taxable Estate

August 12, 2025

Estate planning isn’t just about passing down wealth. It can also be a way to express values, and support causes you care about. For many, creating a scholarship fund accomplishes both — reduces your taxable estate and supports higher education for future generations to thrive.

Why Scholarships Make Sense in Estate Planning

Donating part of your estate to a scholarship fund helps lower the value of your taxable estate. If your assets exceed the federal or state estate tax thresholds, you may be eligible for significant savings.

Beyond the tax benefits, scholarship funds provide personal fulfillment. They offer a way to:

Honor a loved one
Support students from specific communities or backgrounds
Promote fields of study aligned with your passions or profession

Families often find this kind of giving deeply meaningful, especially when the impact is visible over time.

How to Set Up a Scholarship Fund

There are several ways to create a scholarship fund. Some donors work directly with a university, setting eligibility criteria and funding guidelines through the school’s development office. Others prefer working with community foundations or national organizations that manage scholarships on behalf of the donor.

You’ll need to define:

The amount you wish to donate
Whether the scholarship is one-time or renewable
What type of student qualifies — academic merit, financial need, field of study, etc.

Working with a legal and financial advisor helps ensure that the scholarship is set up in a way that aligns with IRS rules and your estate goals.

Use Charitable Trusts for Long-Term Giving

If you wish to provide an ongoing scholarship, a charitable trust may be an appropriate option. These trusts can be structured to distribute funds to educational institutions over time, while offering lifetime income or tax advantages to you or your heirs.

Options include:

Charitable remainder trusts, which provide income to the donor or beneficiaries and donate the remainder to charity
Charitable lead trusts, which give income to a scholarship fund for a set period before passing remaining assets to heirs

Both options offer estate tax benefits and facilitate structured philanthropic giving.

Keep Estate Planning Documentation Clear and Updated

Creating a scholarship fund reduces your taxable estate and provide support for future generations. However, scholarship gifts should be formally documented in your estate plan. This includes specifying the donation amount, naming the institution or fund and detailing the gift’s intended purpose.

If your estate includes a charitable trust or scholarship language in a will, your attorney can ensure that the documents reflect current laws and your latest wishes. If you would like to learn more about scholarships and other forms of support for college age children, please visit our previous posts.

Reference: Charles Schwab (June 6, 2025) “How to Start a Scholarship Fund”

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Common Reasons to Avoid Probate Court

August 7, 2025

Probate is the legal process of distributing a person’s assets after death. While it serves an important function, it often comes with drawbacks: delays, expenses and public records. For families seeking to settle affairs smoothly and maintain privacy, avoiding probate through effective planning can be a more efficient approach. There are some common reasons to avoid probate court.

1. Probate Often Involves Significant Delays

Probate cases can take months or even years to resolve. Court schedules, required notices to creditors and potential disputes all slow the timeline. During this period, heirs may not be able to access key assets, which can lead to financial strain, mainly when a surviving spouse or dependent relies on those funds.

2. The Process Can Be Expensive

Court filing fees, executor compensation, attorney fees, appraisals and other administrative costs reduce the value of the estate. These expenses are often paid out of the estate’s assets, leaving less for beneficiaries. In complex or contested estates, costs can escalate rapidly and frequently exceed initial expectations.

3. Public Records Compromise Privacy

Once a will is entered into probate, it becomes a public record. Anyone can review the details of the estate, including its contents, beneficiaries and asset distribution. For families that value discretion, avoiding probate helps keep financial and personal matters private and confidential.

4. Disputes are More Likely

Probate offers an open door for challenges. Heirs, creditors, or estranged relatives may contest the will, resulting in prolonged legal battles and increased stress. With proper estate planning—such as creating trusts or utilizing beneficiary designations—assets can be transferred more directly, thereby reducing the likelihood of conflict.

5. There are Better Alternatives to Probate

Revocable living trusts, payable-on-death accounts and joint ownership arrangements can bypass probate altogether. These strategies enable assets to be passed to beneficiaries quickly and efficiently without requiring court oversight. While not suitable for every asset or family, they offer powerful tools when used correctly in a broader estate plan.

These are just five of the most common reasons to avoid probate court. An estate planning attorney can help you weigh these options and structure your affairs to serve your family’s needs best, during your lifetime and beyond. If you would like to learn more about probate, please visit our many previous posts on the subject.

Reference: Charles Schwab (July 14, 2023) “The Benefits of Avoiding Probate”

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Moving to Another State can Impact Your Will

July 29, 2025

Relocating to a new state often prompts a fresh look at housing, healthcare and taxes. However, many people overlook revisiting their estate plan. A will drafted in one state doesn’t necessarily become void elsewhere. However, differences in state laws can create complications if it isn’t updated. To ensure that your wishes are carried out as intended, it’s important to understand how moving to another state can impact the validity and execution of your will.

Your Will May Still Be Valid—But That’s Not Enough

Most states honor wills created legally in another state. However, just because a will is valid doesn’t mean it’s well-suited to your new residence. Probate laws, witness requirements and rules governing executor eligibility can vary widely. For example, your new state may not accept handwritten wills or may require two witnesses instead of one.

Some states also impose additional requirements on out-of-state executors. If you named someone who lives in your former state, they may be unable to serve without appointing a local co-executor or taking other legal steps. These requirements can delay probate and increase administrative costs for your loved ones.

Community Property and Spousal Rights

If you move from or to a community property state, your spouse’s inheritance rights could change. Community property states treat most assets acquired during marriage as jointly owned, regardless of how they’re titled. This could affect how your estate is divided, especially if your existing will was drafted with different assumptions.

Similarly, elective share laws vary from state to state. In some places, a surviving spouse is entitled to a percentage of the estate even if they are disinherited in the will. These rules can override your stated intentions, particularly if your estate plan hasn’t been updated since the move.

Update Beneficiary Designations and Ancillary Documents

Relocation is also a good time to review related documents, such as powers of attorney, advance directives and healthcare proxies. Some states require specific language or forms for these to be enforceable. A new address or a change in family circumstances may also necessitate revisions to your chosen agents or instructions.

Reviewing beneficiary designations on retirement accounts and life insurance policies is equally important. These assets often pass outside the will, and inconsistencies between documents can lead to unintended results. If you’re not certain your estate plan is robust and consistent, an estate planning attorney can help. If you are planning on moving to another state, work with an estate planning attorney to see how the state’s laws impact your will. If you would like to learn more about estate planning, please visit our previous posts.

Reference: The American College of Trust and Estate Counsel (Jul 17, 2019) “Should I Sign New Estate Planning Documents When I Move to a New State?”

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Using a Disclaimer Trust to Transfer Land

July 7, 2025

A husband dies, with an estate plan presenting two options to his surviving spouse: she can either inherit family farmland outright or disclaim it to a separate trust for her benefit. If she chooses the trust, she will receive income for life, and upon her death, the disclaimer trust will be divided equally among her three children. How to manage this situation is explored in an article from Successful Farming, “Should Land Go Into a Disclaimer Trust or Pass to the Spouse?” There are benefits to using a disclaimer trust to transfer land.

The concern is valid, as only one of the children is farming the land, and he’s concerned about how his siblings will accept the decision. She was told that the trust would be a good option due to its tax advantages. What are her options? There are five key elements to consider:

Estate taxes. In 2025, the federal estate tax exemption is $13.99 million per person. If she disclaims her husband’s portion of the land to the trust, the value won’t count towards her own personal estate. If she keeps the land, she can take advantage of portability for her husband’s exemption under IRS Form 706. Her own estate tax limit will increase to almost $28 million. The ported tax credit will remain flat as the estate’s value grows.

Asset protection. If the land goes into the disclaimer trust, it’s in there for good, and income and principal distribution rules can’t be changed. This is beneficial for protecting assets from creditors, as well as any complications arising from a second marriage or incapacity. However, is it beneficial for the family? If they need protection, the disclaimer trust is the place for the land. However, if they need it to be accessible, it should remain outside of the trust.

Asset control. The trustee is the fiduciary responsible for assets in the disclaimer trust. They can set a rent price and make decisions on capital improvements. Questions need to be clarified regarding requirements in the trust documents. Do these rules work for the family’s best interest, or is it better to have rules as defined in the surviving spouse’s will?

Distribution. Assuming the disclaimer trust ultimately divides the land between the three siblings, it lacks a means of keeping the land together. How will the son continue farming, knowing the land will be divided? Retrofitting a farm succession plan is like trying to move crops from one field to another. They won’t look pretty and may or may not grow.

This scenario is not unlike the situation many small business owners find themselves in when the spouse who has created a business dies and no succession planning has been done. There are benefits to using a disclaimer trust to transfer land. An appointment with an estate planning attorney is crucial for creating a comprehensive plan that encompasses the farm, business and family for both the near and distant future. if you would like to learn more about disclaimer trusts, please visit our previous posts.

Reference: Successful Farming (June 9, 2025) “Should Land Go Into a Disclaimer Trust or Pass to the Spouse?”

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How Do You Protect Your Child’s Inheritance in a Second Marriage?

July 2, 2025

A recent article from MSN, “’I’m 15 years older’: My second wife says she will pass my estate onto my sons. What could go wrong?” presents a question from a man with two adult sons from a prior marriage with $1 million in personal net worth. He’s wondering whether to rely solely on his wife’s verbal assurance to pass his estate to the adult sons if he predeceases her. This begs the question: How do you protect your child’s inheritance in a second marriage?

The sons are successful in their careers and don’t need his money. The man says his wife is one of the most honest people he’s ever met. However, is trust enough?

Estate planning files are filled with broken promises, not because of dishonesty. Circumstances change, and things happen. Having an updated estate plan, including a trust to safeguard assets for children from a prior marriage, is the best way to ensure that their interests are protected.

A large age difference or a large disparity between the spouses’ assets makes it wise to take the extra steps to preserve assets for the next generation. Otherwise, there’s no requirement for the surviving spouse to pass the assets on to the children.

If the surviving spouse remarries, the assets could even end up with children of their surviving spouse.

There are time-tested ways to distribute assets to children from a prior marriage to ensure that the spouse is well cared for and the children are not disinherited. One way to do this is to use a will to divide assets between the surviving spouse and the children.

Another is to leave the home, if it is in your name only, to the surviving spouse as a life estate, so they will be able to live in it for the rest of their life. The house will need to be maintained, and property taxes paid during that time. When the spouse dies, the house can then be left to the children to sell or keep. This can become complicated if the children are in a hurry to sell the home and the surviving spouse has a long life expectancy.

Marital trusts, like a Spousal Lifetime Access Trust or SLAT, are used to leave assets to the surviving spouse, while protecting the children’s inheritance. They can also be used to control how the assets in the trust are used. Funds can be earmarked for college, or if a child requires rehabilitation, the trust can fund it or set a requirement before distributions are made.

Tax benefits using a marital trust are higher than those for a straightforward inheritance, another reason to use a marital trust.

Note, this is not an issue to be resolved with a pre- or post-nuptial agreement. A will goes into effect upon your passing, and a trust becomes active once it is established. A pre- or post-nuptial is a good idea for a second marriage with age and net worth differences. However, this kind of situation requires a will and a trust.

Talk with an experienced estate planning attorney to create an estate plan to protect your child’s inheritance in a second marriage It will take the burden off all of you, since the decisions for asset distribution will be in place, and you can focus on enjoying your life with your new spouse. If you would like to learn more about inheritance planning, please visit our previous posts.

Reference: MSN (May 3, 2025) “’I’m 15 years older’: My second wife says she will pass my estate onto my sons. What could go wrong?”

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Category: Family

What are UGMA and UTMA Accounts?

Tax and Financial Aid Implications

When Accounts Make Sense

Understanding Medicaid Eligibility

Why Legal Planning Is Essential for Medicaid Eligibility

Preparing Emotionally and Practically for the Transition to Nursing Care

Why Scholarships Make Sense in Estate Planning

How to Set Up a Scholarship Fund

Use Charitable Trusts for Long-Term Giving

Keep Estate Planning Documentation Clear and Updated

1. Probate Often Involves Significant Delays

2. The Process Can Be Expensive

3. Public Records Compromise Privacy

4. Disputes are More Likely

5. There are Better Alternatives to Probate

Your Will May Still Be Valid—But That’s Not Enough

Community Property and Spousal Rights

Update Beneficiary Designations and Ancillary Documents

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